首都 北京의 州縣 행정― 明末ㆍ淸初 京縣의 운영을 중심으로 ― (Local Administration of Beijing during the Ming-Qing Transition)

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초록

This article examines the local administration of Beijing during the Ming-Qing transition, focusing on the spatial and temporal context; specifically, the significance of this period being the transitional period from the Ming to Qing, and this area being the capital city for both the Ming and Qing dynasty. In contrast to previous studies, this work compares both the continuity and change of how the two different dynasties respectively approached the local administration of the capital city. It is a detailed case study of applying the previous theories and knowledge on local administration to a specific time and location.
The magistrates of Daxing and Wanping counties maintained close relationship with commoners, as well as the emperor himself. Accordingly, the counties near Beijing were considered to hold a higher political status as well as being more symbolically important. However, this higher status lead to higher expectations and more obligations, and eventually forced the magistrates into all kind of challenges with no sign of relief. The Qing inherited the same problem – the capital counties were beneficiaries of significant privileges, and the same administrative complexity and high-pressure work environment was mostly left unchanged. Moreover, due to the tension between the bannermen and Han Chinese, the Qing had an extra problem in addition to all the ones that remained unsolved from the Ming.
Therefore, the Qing government held a more careful approach in selecting the officials to serve in the capital counties. Based on an analysis of the data on the two counties, there was a clearly visible preference to appoint people who had come from the Liaodong area as the magistrates of these two counties. This can be attributed to the fact that the officials from Liaodong had relatively longer contact with the Manchus and thus had earned the trust of the Manchus, compared to official candidates from other areas. On the other hand, the lower ranking officials such as the vice magistrates and district jailors came from the south, specifically the Zhejiang area. This deliberate arrangement indicates the difficulty and choice that the Qing had experienced in ensuring both national security and administrative stability. In sum, the local administration during the Ming-Qing transition reveals both the continuity and change over time, and especially demonstrates the aspects of conflict and adaptation, two significant factors that the Qing learned during their historical experience of conquering China.

영어초록

This article examines the local administration of Beijing during the Ming-Qing transition, focusing on the spatial and temporal context; specifically, the significance of this period being the transitional period from the Ming to Qing, and this area being the capital city for both the Ming and Qing dynasty. In contrast to previous studies, this work compares both the continuity and change of how the two different dynasties respectively approached the local administration of the capital city. It is a detailed case study of applying the previous theories and knowledge on local administration to a specific time and location.
The magistrates of Daxing and Wanping counties maintained close relationship with commoners, as well as the emperor himself. Accordingly, the counties near Beijing were considered to hold a higher political status as well as being more symbolically important. However, this higher status lead to higher expectations and more obligations, and eventually forced the magistrates into all kind of challenges with no sign of relief. The Qing inherited the same problem – the capital counties were beneficiaries of significant privileges, and the same administrative complexity and high-pressure work environment was mostly left unchanged. Moreover, due to the tension between the bannermen and Han Chinese, the Qing had an extra problem in addition to all the ones that remained unsolved from the Ming.
Therefore, the Qing government held a more careful approach in selecting the officials to serve in the capital counties. Based on an analysis of the data on the two counties, there was a clearly visible preference to appoint people who had come from the Liaodong area as the magistrates of these two counties. This can be attributed to the fact that the officials from Liaodong had relatively longer contact with the Manchus and thus had earned the trust of the Manchus, compared to official candidates from other areas. On the other hand, the lower ranking officials such as the vice magistrates and district jailors came from the south, specifically the Zhejiang area. This deliberate arrangement indicates the difficulty and choice that the Qing had experienced in ensuring both national security and administrative stability. In sum, the local administration during the Ming-Qing transition reveals both the continuity and change over time, and especially demonstrates the aspects of conflict and adaptation, two significant factors that the Qing learned during their historical experience of conquering China.

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